With respect to COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2, or coronavirus), 0ne of the major factors driving the pandemic are superspreader events, or SSEs, where one gathering of people results in numerous infections (which can then go on and spread the chain of transmission to other people, etc). With events like this, one infectious individual can lead to many, many positive cases. Estimates suggest that ~10% of infected individuals can lead to ~80% of additional transmissions. This outsized distribution isn't unique to disease; for example, 1% of individuals in the US have ~40% of the wealth, and in general this phenomenon is known as the Pareto Principle.
With this in mind, avoiding SSEs is a major step towards ending the pandemic. Koen Swinkels has created/maintained a database on SSEs, logging information regarding SSEs around the world.
My goal here isn't any fancy work or statistically savvy analysis. I just want to provide some slicing of data on what types of events, or characteristics of gatherings, are the highest risk for spreading an outbreak of COVID-19. In other words, what things should you be avoiding as to not catch or spread COVID? As a high risk individual myself (I have psoriatic arthritis, and the medication I take for it makes me immunocompromised), assessing this risk is especially important to me.
Characteristics of SSEs
The data has some descriptive information, like whether the event was inside or outside, during the country's flu season, etc. So looking at that first:
This is something that has been demonstrated since April - outdoor events are wayyyyy safer than indoors, no matter how you look at it.
There does appear to be a high overlap with traditional flu season - which has led to fears for months of a 'twindemic' with both COVID and the flu circulating at once. The good news is that the flu has almost disappeared - so the measures put in place to stop coronavirus spread have potentially limited the flu, which points to the factors that lead to season flu spikes (colder weather, more indoor gatherings) exacerbating COVID spread, even without the flu itself spreading.
Vocalizing (singing, shouting, etc) and refrigeration (colder conditions) have a definitive impact - having one or both of these characteristics meant that the event had an almost 2x increase on how many people got sick.
Unfortunately determining usage of masks, social distancing, ventilation, etc is prohibitively difficult via the sourced news articles, so I can't answer those questions through SSEs.
Settings of Events
First, I mapped the events to more general settings - whether it was at home, at work, in a healthcare or religious setting, etc.
The vast majority of cases occurred in a shared living space (shelters, jails, nursing homes, dorms, or military base, more on this later), healthcare setting with a prolonged stay (rehab facility, medical or mental health facility, or hospital), or workplace (wide variety, more on this later). However, the highest outbreaks per event were large gatherings (conferences, concerts, sporting events), religious events, or being on a ship.
Breaking down non-optional exposure settings, housing and workplaces:
As is known by now, explosive tragic outbreaks are extremely common in both nursing homes and prisons.
Additionally, offices have the lowest incidence rate - food manufacturing plants and factories have much higher risk, with non-office work environments also having worse outbreaks than office settings.
Now breaking down optional exposure settings, types of voluntary gatherings:
While there were far more instances of small gatherings (parties, meals, community center events), the smaller number of participants greatly lowered the rate of increased cases - large gatherings (conferences, concerts, sporting events) have led to explosive growth, with an average of over 600 cases per SSE.
A more granular view of all event types:
Indoor, full live events (audiences for concerts or sports, with no masks or distancing) are clearly huge risks (1,831 cases per instance) - contrasted against participating in sports as not as high risk (13 cases per instance).
As we already knew, prisons, nursing homes, and healthcare facilities (like rehab centers, or long-term care) are tragically huge common hotspots, and make up 62.2% of all cases tied to SSEs.
Funerals and weddings don't appear as often as you might think given high profile news coverage (1.3% combined); same goes for demonstrations (only 2 instances, or 0.1%). Meanwhile, smaller, more socially optional gatherings like going to bars/clubs, restaurants, religious services, and small private gatherings make up a larger share of events (7.3%).
Even the granular look at SSEs shows some slight Pareto tendencies: 72% of events make up 81% of cases associated with those events.
Takeaways
- Outside > inside
- Smaller groups > larger groups
- Limit shouting/singing, and warmer environments are better
- Be more vigilant during your area's traditional flu season
- If possible, avoid shared living quarters
Citation
Last updated on 10/10/20, I pulled the data down on 10/23/20 (my edits linked here for transparency)
Swinkels, K. (2020). COVID-19 Superspreading Events Around the World [Google Sheet]. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1c9jwMyT1lw2P0d6SDTno6nHLGMtpheO9xJyGHgdBoco/edit?usp=sharing