Le'Veon Bell is Costing Fantasy Owners More Than His Salary

Le'Veon Bell is currently giving up $853k a week to hold out for a better deal from either the Steelers or another team in free agency next season. That's a lot of money, and with the stalemate growing more contentious and extending past Week 3 at this point, it seems likely he will remain out until Week 11, "when he must report in order to ultimately reach free agency" (per the Washington Post).

Le'Veon Bell is also currently one of the best fantasy football players in the game. He was a consensus top 3 pick until the contract situation really started threatening his likelihood to play, after which he started sliding down draft boards:

With fantasy sports being a $7 billion industry, his holdout on the field is certainly impacting real money off the field. So I was posed this question: is Bell costing his fantasy owners more money than he is himself?

The first step towards answering this is determining how much money is really on the table in traditional fantasy football leagues. I compiled a litany of overall stats on the fantasy industry from the Fantasy Sports Trade Association:

• 59.3 million users play fantasy sports (note that 1 person can play multiple sports)
• 19 million users play fantasy football (32% of all users)
• $184 is the average amount spent annually on "traditional fantasy sports", i.e. non-DFS
• 70% of players pay a league fee

From the above figures I was able to derive a lot, along with some other assumptions. The median football league contains 12 players (the average should be slightly higher due to larger leagues skewing the mean), so I estimate there are about 1.36 million fantasy football leagues out there. Of these, 70% have a league fee, so there are 950k (1.36m * .7) paid leagues.

If the average spend is $184 per player, and 32% of players are playing football, then I'm assuming $59 ($184 * .32) is the average spend on fantasy football leagues. This may seem high since most leagues are a $20 buy-in, but this number will be skewed higher by high rollers playing in leagues that have buy-ins of $1,000+.

This means that the typical league pot is $707 ($59 * 12), resulting in $672.1 million ($707 * 950k paid leagues) being in play across all leagues. But how much is Bell's absence directly costing fantasy players? I'll need to calculate the impact in expected winnings on a team that drafted Bell with a top 3 pick, but has to use a replacement level "third best" RB instead (since 2 running backs start in a typical 12 team PPR league).

First, the expected value of a team in the playoffs: in a 12 team league, I'm assuming 4 teams make the playoffs, and are evenly matched at that point such that each team has a 25% chance to come in 1st/2nd/3rd/4th. A typical payout structure is 60%/30%/10% for 1st/2nd/3rd, so the $707 pot would be split $424/$212/$71. If each spot is equally likely (once you're in the playoffs), the expected value of winnings is $177 ($424 * .25 + $212 * .25 + $71 * .25).

Now I need to simulate the difference between a team without Bell (and a third string replacement) versus an "average" team, and how that affects their chances of making the playoffs.

Over the past two seasons, Bell has been the best running back in fantasy, averaging 22.6 points per game. Meanwhile, the replacement level third string RB taken much later (the 40th ranked RB or so) only will score around 5.3 points per game. That results in a delta of 17.3 points per game, which is a massive gulf to fill. The difference between a 50th percentile team and a 25th percentile team is only 16 points per game! So if you were average with Bell, you would drop to the 23.3 percentile without him. In turn, your odds of winning each week drop by a ton, to around 25%:

So I simulated two different seasons 10,000 times each: one in which Bell is AWOL for the first 10 weeks of the season, and one in which you (and everyone else) each have an average team all year long. You need at minimum 8 wins to make the playoffs, and you can only expect around 4 without Bell:

In the Bell-less scenario, you would be missing out on 17.3 points for the first 9 weeks of the season, and your chances of making the playoffs are 3.9% per the simulations. Now compare this to an "average" league with your "average" team - you should have a 4/12 chance (33.3%) of making the playoffs, and the simulations more or less back this up, projecting a 31.9% chance your "average" team makes the playoffs.

The final piece here is how much money this drop in playoff odds is costing you. The sum in expected values once in the playoffs is $168 million (950k leagues * $177 expected value in playoffs). Without Bell and a 3.9% chance of making the playoffs, the total expected value is $6.55 million (0.039 * $168 million). With Bell and a 31.9% chance of making the playoffs, the total expected value of an average team is $53.6 million. The difference between those two? $47.05 million, or $4.705 million per week that Bell misses, which completely dwarfs the $853k that Bell is foregoing each week he doesn't play.

"What are the odds?" If Someone Has Been Married and Divorced 3 Times, that a 4th Marriage Lasts?

I received this question from an anonymous source: if someone has been married and divorced 3 times already, what are the chances that a 4th marriage for that person is successful?

The first parameter to define here is what constitutes "success" in a marriage, which presumably is not getting divorced at some point. And this may be morbid, but that means "success" is defined as when one partner dies.

Reliable statistics on the divorce rate are hard to come by since there isn't agreement on using the crude divorce rate (the number of divorces for every 1,000 people in the population) or the refined divorce rate (the number of divorces for every 1,000 married women). For my purposes I'll use the refined divorce rate, since I'm interested in whether someone is already married will get divorced.

The only divorce rates I found broken down by first/second/third marriage have no citation, but it appears to be around 41% of first marriages, 60% of second marriages, and 73% of third marriages end in divorce. There are a variety of suggested reasons for this, but multiple marriages certainly is correlated with a higher divorce rate. Even still, 3.1% of males and 3.2% of females have been married 3+ times, so this scenario is already an unlikely one.

Using these numbers and a logarithmic model, the probability of a 4th marriage ending in divorce should be around 83.61% (16.39% chance of success):

But that's not the best proxy, since as you go through more marriages, you also get older. The U.S. Census has a lot of data on the median duration of each marriage and the duration between each. Of course, the CDC also calculates the life expectancy of different demographic groups. Combining these two sources can give us a good estimate to guess "the odds that a 4th marriage is successful".

Data on first marriages shows that the median age to get married for the first time is 28.3 for males and 25.8 for females. The census data indicates that the median duration of a marriage is 8 years, and upon divorce, the time until getting remarried is about 3.75 years. Which results in the following timelines:

Age At	Male	Female
First	28.3	25.8
Second	36.3	33.8
Third	48.1	45.6
Fourth	59.8	57.3

According to the CDC, the current life expectancy is 71.8 for males and 78.8 for females. This leaves a much shorter timeline (12 years) for men from the expected time of the 4th marriage to their life expectancy, compared to women (21.5 years).

I then used the available sample data to figure out the standard deviation in marriage lengths, which is around 14.08 years. Using an exponential distribution (which is memoryless, so the elapsed length of the marriage does not influence the likelihood of another divorce) gives the estimated probabilities that a male and female do not get divorced from the 4th marriage over a period of 12 and 21.5 years, respectively: 22.31% for the male and 6.81% for the female.